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For people who think carefully about issues, persuasion


A) depends on the strength or cogency of the arguments.
B) depends on their own cognitive responses to the persuasive appeal.
C) does not depend much on the expertise of the source of the persuasive appeal.
D) all of these choices.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Analytical people are to _____________ as image-conscious people are to _______________.


A) central route persuasion; peripheral route persuasion
B) the primacy effect; the recency effect
C) life-cycle explanation; generational explanation
D) personal influence; media influence

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following is a hurdle that must be cleared before a message is likely to persuade?


A) Attention
B) Peripheral processing
C) Central processing
D) All of these choices

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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If an ____________ source makes it more likely that you will pay attention to a message, then the message should have a greater chance of ___________ you.


A) unattractive; persuading
B) unattractive; confusing
C) attractive; confusing
D) attractive; persuading

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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In order to get students to be more aware about the spread of germs when people are sick, a school launches an awareness program with posters that say either "Wash Your Hands!" or "Coughs and Sneezes Spread Diseases!" Which poster will be more effective at changing student behaviour?


A) The "Wash Your Hands!" poster.
B) The "Coughs and Sneezes Spread Diseases" poster.
C) Both posters will be equally ineffective.
D) Both posters will be equally effective.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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John doesn't care at all about the legalization of marijuana, but in class he listened to a speech in favour of it. All else being equal, John is most likely to be persuaded if


A) the message contains short, cogent arguments.
B) the message contains information about the benefits of marijuana use that he can think about and evaluate.
C) the message is delivered by a fast talker.
D) none of these choices.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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What are the primacy and recency effects? Which is most effective and when?

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When two messages are followed back to back, followed by a time gap, a _____________ effect usually occurs.


A) primary
B) recency
C) primacy
D) delayed

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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The best persuader on matters of subjective experience is


A) someone who minds his/her self-interest.
B) a male persuader.
C) a female persuader.
D) a similar communicator.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Two primary components of credibility are


A) confidence and attractiveness.
B) confidence and trustworthiness.
C) expertise and trustworthiness.
D) expertise and similarity.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Charles Kiesler recommends that one way to stimulate people's thinking so they become more committed to their positions is to


A) mildly attack their position.
B) strongly attack their position.
C) mildly support their position.
D) strongly support their position.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Schuman and Scott found that when they asked people to name the most important world events of the last half century, most recalled


A) tragedies like war and assassinations.
B) achievements like peace accords and moon landings.
C) recent rather than long-ago news events.
D) events from their teens and early adulthood.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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According to Hovland and his colleagues, any factor that helps people clear hurdles in the persuasion process


A) increases the likelihood of persuasion.
B) decreases the likelihood of persuasion.
C) does not have any effect on the likelihood of persuasion.
D) sometimes increase and sometimes decrease the likelihood of persuasion.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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If your audience includes those with or those who will be exposed to opposing views, you should _______________ to be persuasive.


A) offer a two-sided appeal
B) offer a one-sided appeal
C) offer yet one more view that has not been considered yet
D) none of the above

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Research on attitude inoculation suggests that religious educators are wise to avoid


A) the two-step flow of communication.
B) forewarning followers that outsiders will question their beliefs.
C) using charismatic leaders to attract new converts.
D) creating a "germ-free ideological environment."

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Physical appeal and similarity are two important factors that determine a communicator's


A) credibility.
B) status.
C) attractiveness.
D) trustworthiness.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Describe a familiar television commercial and analyze the elements of persuasion that it uses. Does it promote and/or assume central or peripheral route processing?

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One familiar television commercial that ...

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Freedman and Sears found that high school students did not change their attitudes in response to a talk entitled "Why Teenagers Should Not Be Allowed to Drive" if they


A) had a moderate, rather than a high or low, level of self-esteem.
B) were of lower intelligence.
C) were male.
D) had been forewarned that the talk was coming.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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In an election campaign debate, Kelly makes her statement to the audience first and is immediately followed by her opponent, Stuart. The election is not held until two weeks later. If both messages were persuasive and the debate was the deciding factor, the election results should show the influence of


A) the recency effect.
B) the primacy effect.
C) a two-step flow of communication.
D) the credibility-discrepancy effect.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Darley and Cooper (1972) invited students to write essays advocating a strict dress code. Because this was against the students' own positions and the essays were to be published,


A) some chose not to write it.
B) most students chose to write it.
C) all chose not to write the essay.
D) all chose to write the essay.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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