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A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of:


A) sociability.
B) scaffolding.
C) emotionality.
D) reciprocal socialization.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants specify how each would respond upon the "reunion" stage of the experiment.

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(a) Insecure avoidant babies exhibit ins...

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Which of the following is an "other-conscious" emotion?


A) Interest
B) Pride
C) Disgust
D) Fear

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?


A) It is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world.
B) The first cry verifies that the baby's lungs have filled with air.
C) It provides information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D) Newborns respond with positive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n) :


A) passive child.
B) easy child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child.
D) inhibited child.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:


A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment.
B) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C) is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D) results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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According to many developmental psychologists, soothing a crying infant should:


A) dissuade the infant from engaging reciprocal socialization.
B) cause the infant to become insecurely attached to the caregiver.
C) help the infant develop a secure attachment to the caregiver.
D) encourage the infant to engage in scaffolding.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements about emotions is FALSE?


A) Emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B) Social relationships provide the setting for the development of a rich variety of emotions.
C) Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D) Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a _____ smile.


A) private
B) reflexive
C) natural
D) social

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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Eight-month-old Michael is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Michael will MOST likely:


A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror, because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The development of _____ helps infants interpret ambiguous situations more accurately, as when they encounter a stranger.


A) infinite generativity
B) deferred imitation
C) social referencing
D) reciprocal socialization

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?


A) The anger cry
B) The hunger cry
C) The pain cry
D) The basic cry

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:


A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure organized.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and their children are sometimes referred to as _____.


A) asynchronous
B) unidirectional
C) translational
D) transactional

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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According to Erikson, _____ are keys to establishing a basic trust in infants.


A) physical comfort and sensitive care
B) feeding and physical comfort
C) contact comfort and feeding
D) oral satisfaction and physical comfort

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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Describe the Strange Situation. What is an important criticism of this method?

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The Strange Situation is an observationa...

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During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is MOST likely to occur?


A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D) An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother, but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as:


A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure disorganized.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?


A) Overprotectiveness and criticism
B) Neglectfulness and indifference
C) Enmeshment and fear
D) Patience and tolerance

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding separation protests?


A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D) It peaks at about 15 months among U.S. infants.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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