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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by intermittent damage to myelin (called demyelination) caused by the destruction of specialized cells (oligodendrocytes) that form the substance. Given what you know about the function of myelin, predict the consequences associated with its progressive loss.


A) Sensory abnormalities (e.g., tingling, numbness, itching, tightness, burning, shooting pain) and motor coordination loss.
B) Racing heartbeat, hyperactivity and nausea.
C) Low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia) .
D) Balance and equilibrium abnormalities (e.g., dizziness, vertigo, uncoordinated movements, tremor) .

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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In a classic experiment,Otto Loewi electrically stimulated the vagus nerve of a frog heart.He then took the fluid bathing the stimulated heart and applied it to a second frog heart.The beating rate of both hearts slowed down with this treatment.Based on this response,you can assume the nerve he stimulated was part of the


A) parasympathetic system.
B) sympathetic system.
C) somatic system.
D) atrioventricular system.
E) central nervous system.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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Activities associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system include


A) resting and digesting.
B) release of both acetylcholine and epinephrine.
C) increased heart rate.
D) "fight-or-flight" response.
E) release of epinephrine only.

F) None of the above
G) A) and C)

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