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Disruptive innovations don't need to perform better than incumbents; they simply need to perform well enough to appeal to their customers (and often do so at a lower price).

A) True
B) False

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An option is a right and an obligation to make an investment.

A) True
B) False

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Bitcoin transctions are recorded in a public ledger known as the ____________.

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ARM is one of the only firms, aside from Intel, that has scale allowing it to own and operate its own fabs.

A) True
B) False

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Firms might not want to use ARM chips because they are incompatible with Intel chips.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following is true about bitcoin?


A) In its current state, bitcoin can only process a fraction of transactions of traditional credit card companies.
B) The grid-based, peer-produced verification network means bitcoin is as capable at processing transactions as even the largest credit card networks.
C) Users transferring funds across border are likely to consider bitcoin beneficial because it has the potential to dramatically lower transaction fees.
D) Despite the hype, there are no online retailers who current accept bitcoin, although this may change, soon.
E) A and C are true.
F) B and C are true.
G) A, C, and D are true.
H) B, C, and D are true.

I) A) and H)
J) F) and G)

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Why do big firms fail to see disruptive technologies as a threat?

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Those running big firms fail to see disruptive innovations as a threat not because they are dumb, but in many ways because they do what executives at large, shareholder-dependent firms should do-they listen to their customers and focus on the bottom line. And because the majority of a firm's current customers don't want the initially poor-performing new technology. The most disruptive technologies also often have worse margins than the initially dominant incumbent offerings. Since these markets don't look attractive, big firms don't dedicate resources to developing the potentially technology or nurturing the needs of a new customer base. Your best engineers are likely going to be assigned to work on cash-cow offerings, not questionable new stuff. This results in a sort of blindness created by an otherwise rational focus on customer demands and financial performance.

Intuit has avoided disruption in the shift away from packaged software by developing products that leverage cloud computing, some of which are initially provided for free.

A) True
B) False

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List the benefits of bitcoin along with possible markets for early adoption.

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Low transaction fees increase bitcoin's ...

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What are the characteristics of disruptive technologies? Give an example of disruptive technology.

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In Christensen's view, true disruptive technologies have two characteristics that make them so threatening. First, they come to market with a set of performance attributes that existing customers don't value. Second, over time the performance attributes improve to the point where they invade established markets. These attributes are found in many innovations that have brought about the shift from analog to digital. The first digital cameras were terrible-photo quality was laughably bad (the first were only black and white), they could only store a few images and did so very slowly, they were bulky, and they had poor battery life. Much the same could be said about the poor performance of early digital music, digital video, mobile phones, tablet computing, and Internet telephony (Voice-over IP or VoIP), just to name a few examples. But today all of these digital products are having a market-disrupting impact. Digital cameras have all but wiped out film use, the record store is dead, mobile phones for many are their only phone, tablets are selling faster than laptops, Internet phone service is often indistinguishable from conventional calls, and Skype can be considered the world's largest long-distance phone company.

Cross-border bank transfers are not likely to adopt bitcoin since these functions are already electronic and highly automated.

A) True
B) False

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Getting rid of card companies cuts out ____________, which can top 3 percent. Overstock.com was one of the first large online retailers to accept bitcoin.

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Those early customers for a disruptive technology are part of a different "___________________" than anything addressed by incumbent market leaders.

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Low-margin retailers are interested in bitcoin because it may allow the elimination of fees associated with credit card transactions.

A) True
B) False

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True

Firms may want to use ARM chips because they draw less power than Intel chips.

A) True
B) False

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At the dawn of commercial mobile phone technology AT&T hired storied consulting firm McKinsey & Company to forecast US cellphone use.

A) True
B) False

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Yahoo!'s mobile team didn't have an executive champion to protect and nurture the team during the pioneering phase when financial results couldn't be realized. It couldn't show substantial results, so managers were reassigned. This is an example of:


A) social engineering
B) the Creosote Bush effect
C) overspending on unproven projects
D) the options portfolio of innovation

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Big firms fail to see disruptive innovations as a threat because:


A) they primarily focus on the bottom line.
B) they fail to listen to customer needs.
C) they overestimate the impact of these innovations.
D) they don't indulge in playing catch-up.
E) they concentrate only on future financial performance.

F) B) and D)
G) A) and D)

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The acronym VoIP is considered by many to be a disruptive innovation. It refers to:


A) The technology used in internet telephony
B) Cloud computing
C) Semiconductor manufacturing technology
D) DWDM

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Facebook was famously late to the mobile revolution and felt forced to make billion and multi-billion purchases for __________________ and ___________________, even as SnapChat rises as a threatening rival.

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